Disabled in macOS Mojave or later, or when using a firmware password.
Command-S: Start up in single-user mode. To use the default boot image on the server, hold down Option-N instead. N: Start up from a NetBoot server, if your Mac supports network startup volumes. Or use Option-Dto start up to this utility over the Internet. 
D: Start up to the Apple Diagnostics utility. If your Mac is using a firmware password, it ignores this key combination or starts up from macOS Recovery. 
Option-Command-P-R:Reset NVRAM or PRAM. If your Mac is using a firmware password, you're prompted to enter the password. Option (⌥) or Alt: Start up to Startup Manager, which allows you to choose other available startup disks or volumes. macOS Recovery installs different versions of macOS, depending on the key combination you use while starting up. Or use Option-Command-R or Shift-Option-Command-R to start up from macOS Recovery over the Internet. Command (⌘)-R: Start up from the built-in macOS Recovery system. Type or paste one of the following commands in Terminal. Open Terminal, which is in the Utilities folder of your Applications folder. Make sure that it has at least 12GB of available storage and is formatted as Mac OS Extended. Connect the USB flash drive or other volume that you're using for the bootable installer. If you’re using the trial version, wait 15 seconds, and click the Run button. (If you have any data on the USB, remember to make a backup, as everything on it will be erased.) Right-click TransMac, and select the Run as administrator option. Connect the USB flash drive you want to use to fix your Mac. If you're using Boot Camp to start up from Microsoft Windows, set Startup Disk preferences to start up from macOS instead. If you're using a keyboard made for a PC, such as a keyboard with a Windows logo, try a keyboard made for Mac. To format the USB drive drive, click the Apply button in the lower right. Bear in mind that this will erase all data from the USB drive, so backup any important files before proceeding. 
Click the Partition tab Under the Partition Layout header click on the 1 Partition option in the drop-down menu Click the Format drop-down menu and select Mac OS Extended (Journaled).
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